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PRACTICAL DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
Prof. George Slack
Lecturer, Electrical and Microelectronic Engineering
Blding 9, Office 09-3189
(585) 475-5105
Rochester Institute of Technology
79 Lomb Memorial Drive
Rochester, NY 14623-5603
Copyright © 2012 Rochester Institute of Technology
All rights reserved.
input and output
electronics
1
SCHEMATIC - CHECKPOINTS
Step 1. Schematic Bullet List Plan
Step 2. Input Output Device Advice
a. Interface Specifications
b. Spec Sheets & App Notes
Step 3. Input Devices
Step 4. Controller and protocols
Step 5. Noise immunity
Step 6. Harnesses
Step 7. Switches/Connectors/ Pins/TPs/ LEDs
Step 8. Custom PCB versus universal prototype board.
Appendix
2
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Strany 1 - SCHEMATIC - CHECKPOINTS

PRACTICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Prof. George SlackLecturer, Electrical and Microelectronic EngineeringBlding 9, Office 09-3189(585) 475-5105Rochester

Strany 2 -  Integrate / discrete

H BRIDGEHow H Bridges workThe switches are turned on in pairs, eitherhigh left and lower right, or lower left andhigh right, but never both switches o

Strany 3 - 3. INPUT DEVICES

H BRIDGEBUY OR BUILD H BRIDGE?• Your project’s Needs!• Cost?• Reliability?• Features?• If you buy an H Bridge, there are 100’s to pick from! For your

Strany 4 - THERMISTOR

STEP 5. NOISE IMMUNITYKnow the project’s planned environmentCircuit noise immunity is the ability of a device or component to operate in the presence

Strany 5 - HALL EFFECT SENSOR

NOISE IMMUNITY optoisolator, optocoupler – input signalThe LED input circuit is isolated from the photo transistor, as shown.Slower transient pulses (

Strany 6 - ANGULAR PLACEMENT

NOISE IMMUNITY optoisolator, optocoupler – on-line signal & drive Analog and Digital Optocoupler /OptoisolatorsAnalog Devices:• http://www.analog.

Strany 7 - STRAIN GAUGE, LOAD CELLS

NOISE IMMUNITY OVER-VOLTAGE PROTECTIONFuse1N5339 (5.6V for a 5.0V input)+input port–(+)(–)Zener diode(also MOV)Helps against transients and over volta

Strany 8 - PRESSURE TRANSDUCER

NOISE IMMUNITY A SOLUTION: LOWPASS FILTERRemove high frequency noise. Simple RC low pass filter (left) or active circuit (right) for improved isolati

Strany 9 - IMUs AND ACCELEROMETERS

NOISE IMMUNITY DECOUPLING CAPACITORS• Know your performance response needs. • Try to eliminate frequencies outside your performance needs (i.e. filte

Strany 10 - H BRIDGE

STEP 6 HARNESSESHARNESS -TWISTED PAIRWhen purchasing harness cable:• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) • Purchase or make you

Strany 11

PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS1. Current, Voltage Needs• Gauge of wire, insulation2. Customer’s Use and Abuse • Connect/ disconnect needs • Routing, protect

Strany 12 - STEP 5. NOISE IMMUNITY

Typical Example list: Microcontroller, Software, OS needs. Data sample rate? Frequency response? Integrate / discrete components / hybridWarning:

Strany 13 - NOISE IMMUNITY

• Start your schematic(s), if not already. • Sketch a drawing or visualization your project including the following:• Define I/O Design Needs• Speci

Strany 14 - POLARITY PROTECTION

APPENDIXMore resources and notes41Step 1. Schematic Bullet List Planbest practices, fine print… Some example areas: Develop Engineering Specification

Strany 15 - OVER-VOLTAGE PROTECTION

Step 2. Input Output DevicesWhere to start?1. Google search2. Wallace RIT Library http://library.rit.edu/3. RIT IEEE http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplor

Strany 16 - A SOLUTION: LOWPASS FILTER

Step 2. Input Output Device Advice1. Impedance matching to your control electronicsOutputs• GPIO Logic (VOHand IOH) converted to either a lower or hig

Strany 17 - DECOUPLING CAPACITORS

STEP 5. NOISE IMMUNITY CONTINUEDHOW DOES NOISE GET INTO ELECTRONICS? Energy Coupling(Conductive, Inductive, Capacitive)• EMI - Current surges(ElectroM

Strany 18 - TWISTED PAIR

Step 2. Input Output Device Adviceb. Spec Sheets & App NotesThe Devil is in the Details”Save Hours of design time! Exploit manufacture’s Design No

Strany 19 - PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

TEMPERATURE PROBES, THERMOCOUPLES, THERMISTORThermo monitoring:• One and 70 microvolts per degree Celsius (µV/°C) for standard metal combinations, air

Strany 20 - ELECTRONICS DESIGN BOOKS

HALL EFFECT SENSORRotation Movement• Uses internal magnetic fields. • External rotation blocks and unblocks a metallic slotted plate which changes th

Strany 21 - APPENDIX

(Continued) ANGULAR PLACEMENT: ENCODERS,Color FunctionBlack motor powerRed motor powerBlueHall sensor Vcc (3.5 –20 V)Green Hall sensor GNDYellow Hall

Strany 22 - Typical Output Devices

RFID –RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATIONWireless Short Range LocatorHow it works: RF unit transmits to listening devices (RFIDs) within its range. Once w

Strany 23

LEVEL SHIFTER• Needed for multiple voltage devices. That is, when mixing CMOS, TTL and other IC devices, the threshold voltage levels will be differe

Strany 24 - • Transients

IMUs AND ACCELEROMETERSInertial Measurement UnitMeasure acceleration and gyroscope• serve as orientation sensors in the human field of motion.• At the

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